Narcyza Żmichowska

A Polish novelist and poet. She is considered to be one of the precursors of feminism in Poland. Also known under her popular nom de plume Gabryella.

Żmichowska's first novel published in 1846 was Poganka (The Heathen), in which she is known to have expressed interest in her friend Paulina Zbyszewska. The book was published by Northern Illinois University Press in 2012 in English translation by Dr Ursula Phillips. Letters to friends and family written by Żmichowska were published in five volumes by Wrocław University in 1960. There, she also expressed interest in a married man, Edward Dembowski, which led to a known scandal. Her correspondence with Bibianna Moraczewska (an unmarried woman by choice like Narcyza) spanning 32 years consisted m

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Aleksander Fredro

Aleksander Fredro was a Polish poet, playwright and author active during Polish Romanticism in the period of partitions by neighboring empires. His works, including plays written in octosyllabic verse (Zemsta) and in prose (Damy i Huzary) as well as fables, belong to the canon of Polish literature. Fredro was harshly criticized by some of his contemporaries for light-hearted humor or even alleged immorality (Seweryn Goszczyński, 1835) which led to years of his literary silence. Many of Fredro's dozens of plays were published and popularized only after his death. His best-known works have been translated into English, French, German, Russian, Czech, Romanian, Hungarian and Slovak.

Source: wikipedia.com
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Seweryn Goszczyński

Seweryn Goszczyński (1801-1876) was a Polish Romantic prose writer and poet.

Goszczyński did not receive a thorough education because his parents were not well off. He studied with breaks in different schools, the Basilian School in Uman being the one where he stayed the longest period of time. At this school he made friends with Zaleski and Grabowski. In 1820 he moved to Warsaw, where he joined the secret Union of Free Polish Brothers. On hearing the news about the outbreak of the insurrection in Greece, in August 1821, he walked to Ukraine in order to get to the fighting rebels via Odessa. Due to the lack of funds he stopped in Ukraine where he remained till 1830, engaging in conspiratorial activities. He frequently changed his lodging as
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Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz

Polish poet, playwright and statesman. He was a leading advocate for the Constitution of May 3, 1791.
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Maria Wirtemberska

Maria Wirtemberska, właśc. Maria Anna z Czartoryskich księżna von Würtemberg-Montbéliard, inne formy nazwiska: de Wirtemberg; Wirtembergska; Würtemberska; von Württemberg, pseud.: La Princesse W*** – arystokratka polska, powieściopisarka, komediopisarka, poetka i filantropka.
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Zygmunt Krasiński

Tradition ranks Napoleon Stanisław Adam Ludwig Zygmunt Krasiński, a Polish count, with Adam Mickiewicz and Juliusz Słowacki as one of three national bards of great Romantic poets, who influenced national consciousness during the period of political bondage of Poland.

A mother bore Krasiński, a son, to Wincenty Krasiński, a general and count of the aristocratic family. He studied law at Warsaw University and in Geneva, where he met Adam Mickiewicz.

Krasiński compared as more sociopolitical conservative than the other two poets. He published much of his work anonymously.

People best know him for his philosophical messianist ideas. His drama, Nie-boska Komedia ( The Un-Divine Comedy , 1835), portrays the tragedy of a new order of Communism and
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Cyprian Kamil Norwid

Polish poet, dramatist, prosaist, essayist, philosopher, painter and sculptor. An outsider, despite his acquaintance with the famous - Chopin, Mickiewicz, Słowacki and Krasiński, he remained underestimated to be finally appreciated in the XX century. Censorship in partitioned Poland forced him to live in Paris. His work included hundreds of poems, some prose, dramas, sketches, paintings and sculptures. His early unfulfilled love formed his style, full of sensitivity. Since then he was mostly lonely, with the first of two other known romances occurring at age of 47. His main interests were writing style, polish society and morality. He spent all money on works of art and journeys to live in London, Berlin, New York and, mostly, Paris.
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Józef Ignacy Kraszewski

Józef Ignacy Kraszewski was a Polish writer, historian and journalist who produced more than 200 novels and 150 novellas, short stories, and art reviews (including painters, e.g., Michał Kulesza). He is best known for his epic series on the history of Poland, comprising twenty-nine novels in seventy-nine parts.

As a novelist writing about Polish history, Kraszewski is generally regarded as second only to Henryk Sienkiewicz.
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Henryk Sienkiewicz

Henryk Adam Aleksander Pius Sienkiewicz (also known as "Litwos"; May 5, 1846–November 15, 1916) was a Polish journalist and Nobel Prize-winning novelist. He was one of the most popular Polish writers at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, and received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1905 for his "outstanding merits as an epic writer."

Born into an impoverished gentry family in the Podlasie village of Wola Okrzejska, in Russian-ruled Poland, Sienkiewicz wrote historical novels set during the Rzeczpospolita (Polish Republic, or Commonwealth). His works were noted for their negative portrayal of the Teutonic Order in The Teutonic Knights (Krzyżacy), which was remarkable as a significant portion of his readership lived under German rule. M
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Aleksander Fredro

Aleksander Fredro was a Polish poet, playwright and author active during Polish Romanticism in the period of partitions by neighboring empires. His works, including plays written in octosyllabic verse (Zemsta) and in prose (Damy i Huzary) as well as fables, belong to the canon of Polish literature. Fredro was harshly criticized by some of his contemporaries for light-hearted humor or even alleged immorality (Seweryn Goszczyński, 1835) which led to years of his literary silence. Many of Fredro's dozens of plays were published and popularized only after his death. His best-known works have been translated into English, French, German, Russian, Czech, Romanian, Hungarian and Slovak.

Source: wikipedia.com
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Adam Mickiewicz

To a Pole, the name Adam Mickiewicz is emblematic of Polishness and greatness. What Homer is to the Greeks, or Shakespeare to the English, Mickiewicz is to the Poles. He is a cultural icon, a name inextricably connected with Polish literature and history, and one mentioned with pride. Mickiewicz stands out in the consciousness of Poles both as a man of letters and a political leader.

Despite his unquestionable status and fame, however, much of Mickiewicz's biography is shrouded in mystery. Even the generally accepted date of his birth, December 24. 1798, is uncertain, since it hasn't been determined whether it refers to the Gregorian or the Julian calendar. Nor has it been established conclusively whether Mickiewicz was born in Nowogrodek or
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Bolesław Prus

Bolesław Prus (pronounced:[bɔ'lεswaf 'prus]; Hrubieszów, August 20, 1847 – May 19, 1912, Warsaw), whose actual name was Aleksander Głowacki, was a Polish journalist and novelist who is known especially for his novels The Doll and Pharaoh. He was the leading representative of realism in 19th-century Polish literature and remains a distinctive voice in world literature. Głowacki took the pen name "Prus" from the name of his family coat-of-arms.

An indelible mark was left on Prus by his experiences as a 15-year-old soldier in the Polish 1863 Uprising against Imperial Russia, in which he suffered severe injuries and imprisonment.

In 1872 at age 25, in Warsaw, Prus settled into a distinguished 40-year journalistic career. As a sideline, to augment
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Cyprian Kamil Norwid

Polish poet, dramatist, prosaist, essayist, philosopher, painter and sculptor. An outsider, despite his acquaintance with the famous - Chopin, Mickiewicz, Słowacki and Krasiński, he remained underestimated to be finally appreciated in the XX century. Censorship in partitioned Poland forced him to live in Paris. His work included hundreds of poems, some prose, dramas, sketches, paintings and sculptures. His early unfulfilled love formed his style, full of sensitivity. Since then he was mostly lonely, with the first of two other known romances occurring at age of 47. His main interests were writing style, polish society and morality. He spent all money on works of art and journeys to live in London, Berlin, New York and, mostly, Paris.
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Józef Ignacy Kraszewski

Józef Ignacy Kraszewski was a Polish writer, historian and journalist who produced more than 200 novels and 150 novellas, short stories, and art reviews (including painters, e.g., Michał Kulesza). He is best known for his epic series on the history of Poland, comprising twenty-nine novels in seventy-nine parts.

As a novelist writing about Polish history, Kraszewski is generally regarded as second only to Henryk Sienkiewicz.
Buy books on Amazon
Zygmunt Krasiński

Tradition ranks Napoleon Stanisław Adam Ludwig Zygmunt Krasiński, a Polish count, with Adam Mickiewicz and Juliusz Słowacki as one of three national bards of great Romantic poets, who influenced national consciousness during the period of political bondage of Poland.

A mother bore Krasiński, a son, to Wincenty Krasiński, a general and count of the aristocratic family. He studied law at Warsaw University and in Geneva, where he met Adam Mickiewicz.

Krasiński compared as more sociopolitical conservative than the other two poets. He published much of his work anonymously.

People best know him for his philosophical messianist ideas. His drama, Nie-boska Komedia ( The Un-Divine Comedy , 1835), portrays the tragedy of a new order of Communism and
Buy books on Amazon
Eliza Orzeszkowa

Eliza Orzeszkowa was a Polish novelist and a leading writer of the Positivism movement during foreign Partitions of Poland. In 1905, together with Henryk Sienkiewicz she was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature.
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Juliusz Słowacki

Juliusz Słowacki ['juljuʂ swɔ'vatski] (4 September 1809 in Kremenets, Volhynia, Russian Empire now in Ukraine – 3 April 1849 in Paris) was a noted Polish Romantic poet, considered to be one of the "Three Bards" of Polish literature. His works often feature elements of Slavic pagan traditions, mysticism, and Orientalism.

Life and work

Influenced largely by Byron and Shakespeare, Słowacki's early work was often historical in nature, combining exotic locales (as in Arab) and tragedy (as in Maria Stuart). His work took on a more nationalist tone following the failed November Insurrection of 1830 - 1831. Like many of his countrymen, he decided to emigrate to France as a political refugee. Ironically, the first collections of poems he produced in
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Stefan Żeromski

Stefan Żeromski ( [ˈstɛfan ʐɛˈrɔmski] Strawczyn near Kielce, October 14, 1864 – November 20, 1925, Warsaw) was a Polish novelist and dramatist. He was called the "conscience of Polish literature". He also wrote under the pen names: Maurycy Zych, Józef Katerla and Stefan Iksmoreż.

In 1892–96 Żeromski worked as a librarian—during the last two years, as the librarian—at the Polish National Museum in Rapperswil, Switzerland.

In recognition of his literary achievements, he was granted the privilege of using an apartment at the Royal Castle in Warsaw. In 1924 he was shortlisted for the Nobel Prize in literature.[2]

His novel were filmed by Walerian Borowczyk - Dzieje grzechu (A Story of Sin), Andrzej Wajda - Popioły (The Ashes), Filip Bajon - Przedw
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Zyta Rudzka

Polska dramatopisarka, pisarka, poetka, publicystka, autorka scenariuszy filmów dokumentalnych, psychoterapeutka wyspecjalizowana w poradnictwie z zakresu seksuologii. Zaczynała jako poetka. W r. 1989 ogłosiła tomik wierszy Ruchoma rzeczywistość, z czasem objawiła się jako prozatorka, wydając – bardzo dobrze przyjętą przez krytykę – powieść Białe klisze (1993). Już wówczas doszedł do głosu charakterystyczny dla Rudzkiej styl narracji powieściowej – silnie zmetaforyzowany, zorganizowany wokół archetypów i symboli, zrodzony zapewne z inspiracji psychoanalitycznych. Pisarka chętnie umieszcza swej opowieści w umownych realiach, lubi wszelkiego typu uniwersalizacje, zwłaszcza te, które mówią o spotkaniu kobiety i mężczyzny, do jakiego dochodzi j
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Seweryn Goszczyński

Seweryn Goszczyński (1801-1876) was a Polish Romantic prose writer and poet.

Goszczyński did not receive a thorough education because his parents were not well off. He studied with breaks in different schools, the Basilian School in Uman being the one where he stayed the longest period of time. At this school he made friends with Zaleski and Grabowski. In 1820 he moved to Warsaw, where he joined the secret Union of Free Polish Brothers. On hearing the news about the outbreak of the insurrection in Greece, in August 1821, he walked to Ukraine in order to get to the fighting rebels via Odessa. Due to the lack of funds he stopped in Ukraine where he remained till 1830, engaging in conspiratorial activities. He frequently changed his lodging as
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Maria Wirtemberska

Maria Wirtemberska, właśc. Maria Anna z Czartoryskich księżna von Würtemberg-Montbéliard, inne formy nazwiska: de Wirtemberg; Wirtembergska; Würtemberska; von Württemberg, pseud.: La Princesse W*** – arystokratka polska, powieściopisarka, komediopisarka, poetka i filantropka.
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Józef Korzeniowski

see https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3...
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Izabela Filipiak

Polish writer, an essayist, a columnist, and a scholar.

She debuted in the beginning of the 90s as one of the most distinct figures of Polish literary life. In her short stories and essays, she promoted the new literature in democratic Poland as open to voices previously excluded from cultural discourse. Her novel Absolutna Amnezja published in 1995 critiques the communist past from the point of view socially maladjusted young women. The book mixes satirical representation of authoritarian schools and dysfunctional families with the historical events from the pre-Solidarity period, and discusses education as breaking the spirits of girls through an elaborate application of double standards. When the critics attacked the novel, Maria Janion,
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